The direction of instability has been a critical component of most classification systems. Traditionally, there was an assumption that 95% of shoulder instability was anterior. It has become increasingly apparent, however, that many athletes with ligamentous laxity have instability that is primarily posterior in nature.
These patients suffer recurrent posterior subluxation and have a […]
The goal of therapeutic approaches to glenohumeral joint instability is the restoration of anatomy. The glenohumeral joint is inherently unstable, with the large humeral head articulating with the small and shallow glenoid. The labrum acts as the anchor point for the capsuloligamentous structures, increases the depth of the glenoid socket, and facilitates the […]
Basics Description Scoliosis is a 3D curvature of the spine, best appreciated on an AP radiograph and physical examination. Both thoracic and lumbar segments of the spine may be affected. It is defined as a curve >10°. Classification: Etiology: Idiopathic Congenital Neuromuscular Connective tissue Degenerative Location (of the apex or middle of the curve): […]
Basics Description Patellar dislocation usually refers to lateral displacement of the patella out of its normal alignment in the trochlear groove of the femur. The patella is held stable by ligamentous forces, muscular forces, and bony anatomy. Disruption of any of these 3 components can lead to recurrent patellar instability. Classification: Subluxation: Patella sits […]
Basics Description DDH covers a spectrum of varying degrees of superolateral displacement of the femur and deformation of the acetabulum, developing mostly in utero or, rarely, in infancy. It usually is discovered on routine screening in early childhood. It occasionally is discovered in teens with a limp or pain, in which case it probably […]
Basics Description Bowing of the legs can be a normal stage of growth for infants and toddlers. This phase is called physiologic bowing and resolves spontaneously by approximately 2 years of age. The vast majority of children presenting with bowed legs have this benign physiologic state. More rarely, bowed legs may be pathologic. The […]
Basics Description Achondroplasia is the most common skeletal dysplasia. Characteristics: Patient height <4.5 feet at maturity The greatest shortening occurs in the proximal humerus and femur . Hypoplasia of the midface and frontal bossing may be present. Arthritis is rarely seen, but spinal stenosis is the most serious possible complication. Affects the skeletal […]
